The Role of Coaching in Employee Development

The essential â€Å"take-away† message showed by the Smith-Jentsch et al. perusing is fundamentally that, with more inspiration during preparing, a learner will in general perform better post-preparing The perusing likewise puts accentuation on the way that there is a connection between explicit negative pre-preparing occasions that a preparation program is intended to forestall, and post preparing execution of the prepared expertise in a conduct exercise.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Coaching in Employee Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taylor (67) expressed that negative occasions have been depicted as those that have â€Å"the potential or real capacity to make unfavorable results for the individual†. Quinones (226) exhibited that â€Å"the way in which a preparation task is encircled (i.e., progressed or healing) can impact preparing inspiration and at last preparing results through self-viability a nd impression of fairness†. The perusing likewise shows proof that theoretically applicable pre-preparing negative occasions, represent singular contrasts in learning and maintenance, and that these encounters influence preparing results through their effect on inspiration or readiness to learn. A few elements have been speculated to influence preparing results through inspiration to learn. Proposals by Noe (736) are that assorted components that a learner sees, give them the inspiration required to perform well. Along these lines, the point of this perusing is to show that elevated levels of profession arranging and employment contribution are legitimately identified with higher preparing inspiration and preparing results. This hypothesis is material in the underlying and generally indispensable of phases of preparing in that, making an apparent requirement for preparing in a students brain ought to be the initial phase during the time spent training.Advertising Looking for a rticle on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A trainee’s post preparing execution is enormously impacted by past encounters, since the student had expanded inspiration to master during preparing. Mathieu, Tannenbaum Salas (828) expressed that pre-preparing inspiration is anticipated to prepared students to learn by improving their consideration and expanding their receptivity to new thoughts. In this manner, learners who are persuaded to perform well in preparing are bound to get a handle on the substance or standards of a preparation program than the less spurred students There are two fundamental highlights of test plans in particular the utilization of a benchmark group and the task of assessment members to either mediation or control bunches through randomization. This is a training where members are allocated to bunches in a fair manner Quasi-trial configuration has a few procedures. These incorpora te including a benchmark group, taking estimations before and consequently to the mediation usage and afterward stunning the prologue to the intercessions in the midst of the gatherings. Option of a turnaround of the intercession and utilization of the extra result measures is the end procedure (Martin 273). The benefits of the semi configuration are that by including a non-randomized benchmark group to the straightforward when plan, this naturally diminishes a portion of the dangers to inner legitimacy. Obstruction by outside conditions is diminished in light of the fact that they will frequently apply to both the benchmark group and the intercession gathering however instrumentation and misleading impacts may in any case stay as issues and ought to be not be ignored. In the wake of showing the impacts of the intercession inversion, one is without then to restore the mediation. â€Å"It has been recommended that viable group execution related confidence is an intricate aptitude ju st as a significant group related attitude† (Smith-Jentsch, Jentsch Salas 111). Be that as it may, the drawback to the inversion configuration include is that monotonous changes in wellbeing programming may potentially make disarray, stress and hatred in the midst of those influenced. Additionally, if the mediation has looked encouraging after its presentation, resulting expulsion could be viewed as dishonest along these lines utilization of this angle ought to be intently monitored.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Role of Coaching in Employee Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A semi test or test configuration is bound to give a progressively practical estimation of the impact of the intercession than a non-trial plan. By adjusting a non-exploratory structure to semi test, one can expand and fortify the plan and ease or dispose of dangers to inner legitimacy. Training has formed into one of the contemporary execution drove culture of work instead of the old model of employer stability. This is a procedure that fits the present occasions It’s a component for empowering associations just as people meet serious weight, plan for progression and bring out change, Wilkinson, Redman Shell (162). Subsequently if an associate thinks about the utilization of an official mentor, I would give the accompanying suggestions. There are a few advantages of the utilization of the administration as it will empower one figure out how to take care of their own issues just as those of different counterparts. Improvement of administrative and relational abilities is to some degree observable prompting profession heightening and development. This prompts better self associations with every one of your partners and one can likewise figure out how to sort and follow up on advancement necessities. Confidence is manufactured hence more prominent trust in all obligations is allowed. An individual turns out to be incr easingly compelling and confident when managing individuals. There is improved positive effect on execution and mindfulness just as increase of new points of view. The instructing can be of help to all people who are having an adjustment in work jobs for example moving to a new position that requires various aptitudes and capacities. This can be a momentary intervention to assist individuals with acclimatizing and manage the job change. Creating aptitudes of ‘valuable’ specialized specialists where a representative has significant levels of explicit abilities and experience is basic. In this manner the association experiences issues supplanting human capital (Martin162). In such a circumstance, it’s increasingly fitting to get training to improve and create aptitudes to advance inside the organization.Advertising Searching for exposition on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In holding up for future pioneers or senior administrators, instructing can be an able intervention, as it is a private, individual and ‘safe’ improvement alternative where one uses a goal, outside individual to assist them with their turn of events. Then again, in spite of training being a truly significant instrument, similarly as with any learning intercession it tends to be augmented when a real requirement for it is basically recognized and when it is esteemed the transcendent movement device for the particular job. In spite of the fact that there has been emotional advancement in the improvement of the science and practice of preparing, a lot of issues despite everything should be settled Regarding future preparing research, the three key proposals as per Aguinis and Kraiger are that first, the additions of preparing may well have a flooding result with the end goal that singular level increases, for example, a person’s execution, impacts group level gains i n particular group execution, thusly influencing hierarchical (returns) and cultural (human capital) results. Nonetheless, to understand the variables that make conceivable a smooth cross-level move of advantages, future examination is required. Besides, regarding the matter of usage of process duration as an irregularity to evaluate preparing proficiency, there exists a vacuum in the midst of applied and academic writing. Thirdly, influence has the likelihood of playing an increasingly basic undertaking in the general preparing strategies, in spite of the fact that its job has been certify in evaluating of reactions to preparing. In a summary, preparing and improvement in associations is flourishing, supported by the methodologies created from key human asset the executives just as authoritative brain research, work financial aspects and modern relations. Works Cited Martins, Paul. Applied Psychology. New Jersey. Wiley-Blackwell distributers. 2011. Print. Mathew, John, Tannenbaum, Scott. Salas, Eduardo. The impacts of people andâ situational attributes on proportions of preparing adequacy. Foundation of the board Journal, 35 (81), 828-847. 1992. Print. Noe, Raymond. Students qualities and perspectives: Neglected effects on trainingâ effectiveness. Institute of the board audit, 11 (1), 736-749. 1986. Print. Quinones, Miguel. Pretraining Context Effects: Training task as criticism. Diary of applied brain science, 80 (4), 226-238. 1995. Print. Smith-Jentsch, Kimberly, Jentsch, Florian Salas, Eduardo. Can Pretraining Experiences Explain Individual Differences in learning? Diary of Applied Psychology, 10 (1), 110-116. 1996. Print. Taylor, Shelley. Deviated impacts of positive and negative occasions. The mobilizationâ minimization theory. Mental release, 110 (2), 67-85.1991. Print. Wilkinson, Adrian, Redman, Tom Shell, Scott. Handbook of Human Resource Management. California. Sage Publishers. 2011. Print. This paper on The Role of Coaching in Employee Development was composed and put together by client Noah Sanders to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Law of Tort Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Tort Master - Case Study Example Stevenson (1932). It is settled that a businesses owes an obligation of care to his worker. In a carelessness activity, the worker should show that the business' direct fell beneath the standard that could be anticipated from sensible boss. In view of the roundabout connection between Harry's significant other and the three organizations, the neighbor test ought to be thought of. The courts will consider the interests of the casualties while being reasonable for the said careless gatherings. This gets the topic of adequate relationship of closeness between the offended party and the litigant. 1 Vicinity', doesn't mean physical. It depends on sensible foreasibility. For instance in Donoghue V Stevenson (1932). P's companion bought a jug of ginger lager fabricated by D and offered it to P. P drank the vast majority of the jug however then saw the disintegrated stays of a snail in the base of the jug. P along these lines turned out to be sick and sued D in carelessness. D's resistance was that he didn't owe an obligation of care to P in light of the fact that there was not contract among D and P. (Buyer was P's companion) It was held that a legally binding connection should never again be the unliquidated - harms dictated by the court and already not concurred by parties test for deciding if an obligation of cares was owed. The House of Lords expressed that an obligation of care is owed to any individual who we can sensibly anticipate will be harmed by our demonstrations or oversights. The court portrayed such people as 'neighbors'. It was held that D could sensibly anticipate that someone separated from the first buyer may expend his item and subsequently P was held at risk. 2 In a similar contention, Betty could guarantee that in spite of not adoring a legally binding connection with the three organizations, they are subject for her physical issue. The offended party must show that because of break of obligation, she has endured some harm: a) The harm must be caused to a generous degree by the respondent's lead. b) The harm must be adequately firmly identified with the careless demonstration, it must not be excessively remote. c) In many cases, the harm must be either physical injury to the offended party's individual or property or monetary misfortune significant upon. The said penetrated obligation of care by the three organizations to Betty Bloke is emerging because of their relationship with her better half, Harry. Harry worked for the three organizations in a time of 35 years. He was utilized by the organizations. This suggests there was an agreement of work between the organizations and Harry Bloke, either explicitly or something else. The agreement of business is an agreement of administration and not for administrations. Under an agreement of administration, an individual places his/her work at the removal of another and in this way the relationship is established of boss and representative for example on account of a driver. In contract for administrations, the relationship is that of boss and self employed entity for example on account of a taxi - driver. This qualification is essential to decide general risk of torts inside work. (Dobson, P and Schnithoff, 1991). The business security (solidification) Act 1978, (E.P.C 1978) S. 153 (1)

Enjoy Your Break, Everyone!

Enjoy Your Break, Everyone! Hope you all have had a wonderful week before Thanksgiving break! This has been a busy time, but everything has been super fun, and I cannot believe that the semester is almost over! I hope that you all have a fantastic break! Im excited to see my family, work my usual volunteer shift, and looking forward to having more time to color and do other fun things. I have a few things that I need to get done, as trying to stay ahead of things is always nice.  Again, have a fabulous break, and gather up your energyâ€"finals week will come very soon! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Arguments For And Against Euthanasia Essay - 1960 Words

Euthanasia is the practice of ending an individuals life in order to relieve them from an incurable disease or unbearable suffering. The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek word for good death and originally referred to as â€Å"intentional killing† ( Patelarou, Vardavas, Fioraki, Alegakis, Dafermou, Ntzilepi, 2009). Euthanasia is a controversial topic which has raised a great deal of debate globally. Although euthanasia has received great exposure in the professional media, there are some sticky points that lack clarity and need to be addressed. Euthanasia is a divisive topic, and different interpretations of its meaning, depend on whether the person supports it or not. While a few societies have accepted euthanasia, there are†¦show more content†¦The patient voluntarily wanted to end his life because he was suffering from Lou Gehrigs’s disease (Siu, 2008). Since then, the controversy over active euthanasia has remained an ethical dilemma for healthc are providers, patients and their family members in America and the rest of the world. The general public’s belief is that, health-care providers have professional obligations to save the lives of their patients regardless of their health status. The majority of the public feels that, healthcare workers’ involvement in the euthanasia practice is a betrayal of the â€Å"do no harm† oath. When a healthcare worker is involved in either active or passive euthanasia, it can be viewed as a disregard to this value. However, the proponents for euthanasia claim that a physician turning down a suffering patient’s request to end their life is also a violation to the â€Å"do no harm† oath (Siu, 2008). The right to die falls under patient’s autonomy and the basic question is whether individuals should be allowed to end their lives if they choose to do so (Sanders Chaloner 2007). Those in the healthcare sector grapple with this notion on a daily bases because they have to practice under the codes of ethics guidelines. Nurses and doctors should be cautious in their practice as they balance the patient’s autonomy and their professional ethics and guidelines. Sanders Chaloner (2007) pointed out that nurses and doctors know that a patients autonomyShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia - Arguments For And Against Euthanasia Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesEnd of life - Euthanasia - Arguments for and against euthanasia. (2006, April 1). Retrieved November 6, 2015. This article sets out the most vital and most recurrently adduced arguments for and against euthanasia. Each subdivision takes as its root, one aspect of the discussion. For example, autonomy and the inviolability of life, designating how it is probable to argue both for and against euthanasia, correspondingly, on the basis of the identical facet. It suggests â€Å"The account will include suchRead MoreArguments Against Euthanasia Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesArguments on Euthanasia In this paper, I will be presenting the opposing arguments on Euthanasia, the controversial issue of terminally ill patients committing suicide with the assistance of a physician. One of the main arguments for euthanasia is that people have the right to die. Many people for euthanasia have the mindset that humans have the right to control his or her body and life and therefore have the freedom to choose how, where and when they will die. This belief stems from the idea ofRead MoreEuthanasi The Argument Against Euthanasia1945 Words   |  8 PagesEuthanasia is â€Å"killing or passing up opportunities to save someone, out of concern for that person.† Arguments for euthanasia is the prevention of the unnecessary prolonging of suffering of the patient who is diagnosed with a terminal illness, and their families, also, there is the argument of using resources, economic and human, in efforts to keep people who have incurable diseases alive. Arguments against euthanasia is that th e thought of having assisted suicide could be a result of misdiagnosisRead MoreEuthanasi An Argument Against Euthanasia1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe topic of euthanasia is an analysis of jurisprudence and has been a subject of debate and expostulation for many a years. Naturally, any form of discussion on the topic provokes emotional responses from the general public and medical professionals alike. In this essay, I shall attempt to argue against euthanasia by discussing the harmful effects on a patients autonomy options pose in regards to euthanasia. My counter arguments for my opinion against this practice will be justified on the basisRead MoreArguments Against Legalized Euthanasia Essay example1143 Words   |  5 Pagesand caring compete (Larue 1). In such conditions, the possibility for euthanasia may increase. In this country euthanasia has become a complex and controversial subject. But, what is euthanasia? According to the American Heritage Dictionary, euthanasia is the act of painlessly ending the life of a person. In simple terms, it means killing. Therefore, euthanasia should not be legalized in this country. Euthanasia is challenging moral, ethic, and religious values. There are some groupsRead MoreEthical Arguments For and Against Voluntary Euthanasia Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pages Euthanasia is defined as an act of killing someone painlessly to relieve his or her suffering[1]. Its etymology is derived from the Greek eu thanatos which means a good death. It is a contentious issue that provokes strong arguments for and against changing UK legislation to permit it. The UK currently prohibits active euthanasia. Active euthanasia is an act where the intention is to end or deliberately shorten someones life. A doctor will administer a drug suchRead MoreEssay on A Christians Arguments For or Against Euthanasia1067 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia is the act of bringing about the easy and gentle death, usually someone who is terminally ill or in great pain, which is why some recognise euthanasia as mercy killing. There are many types of euthanasia: Non-voluntary euthanasia is when the person concerned is no longer in a condition where they can make a decision for themselves, and that their death can be caused by their relatives or medical experts. Active or voluntary euthanasia is when the person Read MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia863 Words   |  4 PagesThis is why Euthanasia is important and summarizing the research that I found on Euthanasia. Euthanasia is important because there is a lot of arguments about Euthanasia. Some people support it and some people do not support Euthanasia (Euthanasia and assisted suicide- Arguments). Euthanasia allows people to be free from physical pain. It is the hastening of death of a patient to prevent further sufferings (Euthanasia Revisited). The religious argument states God chooses when human life ends. EuthanasiaRead MoreOpinions on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Opinions of euthanasia and assisted suicide vary by country to country, and only a few nations permit euthanasia in the case of terminally ill patients (van der Heide et. al., 2007, p. 1957). The public discourse surrounding the ethical, and subsequently legal status of euthanasia is frequently heated and somewhat polarized , because the debate cuts to the very heart of notions of human rights and ethics. Unfortunately, this only tends to further obscure the issue at hand, which is in reality a fairlyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Euthanasia1302 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind Euthanasia In an ethics class I took in high school, I have learned about many controversial topics. One that caught my attention specifically was euthanasia or the â€Å"right to die† as some call it. There are many types of Euthanasia, including active and passive. In class we debated the difference between the two and why passive euthanasia is legal and active is not. Active euthanasia is defined as â€Å"a person directly and deliberately causing the patient s death.† (Forms of euthanasia) Passive

Renewable Sources Of Energy Effectively Replace Fossil...

Alternative energy Can renewable sources of energy effectively replace fossil fuels? Can renewable sourves of energy effecticely replace fossil fuels? Is the question of the century.the answer to this question could profouldly change the world, it could put us In a new era a one for the better. But due to the largest oil and gas companies exxon mobil, royal dutch shell, bp, Sinopec and bureaucracy the steps are not being taken to insure our future. The government is corrupted, State officials rather than elected representatives are making all the decisions. Burning fossil fuels negatively affects the environment because they release carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat in the Earth s atmosphere, which contributes to global climate change. But due to bureaucracy global climate change is still considered a myth Why is climate change ignored? Two realities threaten the well-being of future generations. The first is global warming. In the words of the most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, â€Å"each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850.† Furthermore, it goes on, â€Å"in the Northern Hemisphere [the period] 1983-2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years.† (1) The resulting rise of sea levels, increased storm intensity, and ecological disruptions promise to impose a heavy cost on those who come of age twenty years from now. The second is thatShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Fossil Fuels1260 Words   |  6 PagesFossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals, and great sources of energy and great sources of pollution. Fossil fuels are used to power a lot of things, including vehicles, heat homes, industries, manufacturing, and for electricity. Primarily used fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, and oil, these fossil fuels are dangerous to the environment. When fossil fuels are burned, it emits harmful gases in the environment likeRead MoreEssay about Renewable and Clean Energy1611 Words   |  7 PagesAs these days global warming, pollutions and fuel shortages are getting more and more serious through time, renewable and clean energy is increasingly the ideal solution to energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is currently one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions, an idea t o make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugarcane. Biofuels, unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people, contains the potentialRead MoreAlternative Energy Can Effectively Replace Fossil Fuels1227 Words   |  5 PagesAlternative Energy Can Effectively Replace Fossil Fuels In the U.S. alone, carbon dioxide emission levels have risen thirty percent since 2005. If the emissions continue to rise at this pace, the temperature of the Earth may rise by at most, thirteen degrees. Temperatures rising to that height could cause chaos across the world. With more and more people burning fossil fuels every day, this unfortunate future is likely to occur. Fortunately, using pollution free alternative energy could alterRead MoreIndia s Unrealistic For Renewable Energy Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesunrealistic for renewable energy to completely replace non renewable energy. Nations should begin to strive towards renewable sources to lower their dependency on fossil fuels. This will give the developing world a competitive option to non renewable sources. I. INTRODUCTION Globalization integrates world economy through capital, investment, and labor markets [1]. It allows for the economic growth of developing countries. Development requires the utilization of resources for energy production. NationsRead MoreViable Alternative Energy For Replace Fossil Fuels1724 Words   |  7 Pages Viable Alternative Energy to Replace Fossil Fuels Nauman Syed Zia University of Houston Nearly all of the United States production of energy comes from non-renewable sources, also known as fossil fuels. However, the problem with using fossil fuels to satisfy the United States ever-growing demand for power is that they are a limited resource and their production and usage cause a myriad of harmful environmental effects. There are other sources of energy available that do notRead MoreAlternative Energy Solutions For Renewable Energy1295 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing demand of fossil fuels, society has been faced with the problem of a quickly diminishing supply. We are scrambling for solutions in underdeveloped technology and overlooked industry. There is much debate on whether any alternative energy solutions are able to effectively replace fossil fuels. Even if they are, we are then faced with the problem of how renewable energy programs could be implemented and improved. There are many aspects of this debate to consider, including energy demand, financialRead More Renewable Energy Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesRenewable Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed: the first law of conservation of energy. Since the earliest days of human history, man have always been looking forward to control energy. But it wasnt until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that humanity finally learned to harness the high concentration of energy existent in fossil fuels. (Why Sustainable Energy Matters,Learning Space). Even though humans achieved to apply the first law of conservationRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effects On The Environment1175 Words   |  5 PagesFossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas, are currently the world s primary energy source. 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TheseRead MoreCorn Ethanol: The Future Fuel? Essay1783 Words   |  8 PagesIn the world of global warming, all kinds of pollution and fuel shortages going on, renewable and clean/ green energy is increasingly the ideal solution of energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is one of the mainstream and highly supported solution s nowadays, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugar cane. Unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people causing various environmental problems like generating

Clearwater Technologies Free Essays

Clear Water Technologies : A Case Study QTX is a sales support server that allows multiple users to simultaneously maintain their sales account databases. These databases covers contact information, quote histories, copies of all communications, and links to the customer’s corporate database for shipping records. The basic QTX package consists of a processor, chassis, hard drive, and network interface, with a manufacturing cost of $500. We will write a custom essay sample on Clearwater Technologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The package provided simultaneous access for 10 users to the system, referred to as 10 â€Å"seats. Each seat represented one accessing employee. The product line consisted of 10-, 20-, and 30-seat capacity QTX servers. Each incremental 10 seats required $200 of additional manufacturing cost. Yearly sales were at the rate of 4,000 units across all sizes. In initial sales, approximately 30 percent of customers bought the 30-seat unit, 40 percent bought the 20-seat unit, and 30 percent bought the 10-seat unit. Customers who needed more than 30 seats typically went to competitors servicing the medium-to-large company market segment. Clearwater set a per-seat manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) that decreased with higher quantity seat purchases, reflecting the customer perception of declining manufacturing cost per seat. Clearwater also saw this as advantageous because it encouraged customers to maximize their initial seat purchase. Clearwater typically sold its products through value-added resellers (VARs). A VAR was typically a small local firm that provided sales and support to end users. The value added by these resellers was that they provided a complete solution to the end user/customer from a single point of purchase and had multiple information technology products available from various vendors. Using VARs reduced Clearwater’s sales and service expense significantly and increased its market coverage. These intermediaries operated in several steps. First, the VAR combined the QTX from Clearwater with database software from other suppliers to form a turnkey customer solution. Second, the VAR loaded the software with customer-specific information and linked it to the customer’s existing sales history databases. Finally, the VAR installed the product at the customer’s site and trained the customer on its use. Clearwater sold the QTX to resellers at a 50 percent discount from the MSRP, allowing the VARs to sell to the end user at or below the MSRP. The discount allowed the VARs room to negotiate with the customer and still achieve a profit. The Upgrade Initially, the expectation had been that the 30-seat unit would be the largest volume seller. In order to gain economies of scale in manufacturing, reduce inventory configurations, and reduce engineering design and testing expense to a single assembly, Clearwater decided to manufacture only the 30-seat server with the appropriate number of seats â€Å"enabled† for the buyer. Clearwater was effectively â€Å"giving away† extra memory and absorbing the higher cost rather than manufacturing the various sizes. If a customer wanted a 10-seat server, the company shipped a 30-seat capable unit, with only the requested 10 seats enabled through software configuration. The proposed upgrade was, in reality, allowing customers to access capability already built into the product. Clearwater knew that many original customers were ready to use the additional capacity in the QTX. Some customers had added seats by buying a second box, but because the original product contained the capability to expand by accessing the disabled seats, Clearwater saw an opportunity to expand the product line and increase sales to a captive customer base. Customers could double or triple their seat capacity by purchasing either a 10- or a 20-seat upgrade and getting an access code to enable the additional number of seats. No other competitor offered the possibility of an upgrade. To gain additional seats from the competitor, the customer purchased and installed an additional box. Because customers performed a significant amount of acceptance testing, which they would have to repeat before switching brands, the likelihood of changing brands to add capacity was low. The objective of this morning’s meeting was to set the price for the two upgrades. As QTX product manager Rob Erickson stopped to collect his most recent notes from his desk, he reflected: What a way to start the week. Every time we have one of these meetings, senior management only looks at margins. I spent the whole weekend cranking numbers and I’m going in there using the highest margin we’ve got today. How can anybody say that’s too low? He grabbed his notes, calculator, and coffee and headed down the hall. From the other wing of the building, financial analyst Hillary Hanson was crossing the lobby towards the conference room. She was thinking about the conversation she had late Number MSRP to VAR Unit Unit of Seats End User Price Cost* Margin** 10 $8,000 $4,000 $500 87. 5% 20 $14,000 $7,000 $700 90. 0% 30 $17,250 $8,625 $900 89. % TABLE 1 *Unit cost reflects additional $200 for memory capability for each additional 10 seats. **Margin _ VAR Price _ Unit Cost VAR Price Number Original Original Actual Actual of Seats Unit Cost Unit Margin Unit Cost Unit Margin 10 $500 87. 5% $900 77. 5% 20 $700 90. 0% $900 87. 1% 30 $900 89. 6% $900 89. 6% TABLE 2 Friday afternoon with her bo ss, Alicia Fisher, Clearwater’s CFO. They had been discussing this upcoming meeting and Alicia had given Hillary very clear instructions. I want you to go in and argue for the highest price possible. We should absolutely maximize the profitability on the upgrade. The customers are already committed to us and they have no alternative for an upgrade but with us. The switching costs to change at this point are too high since they’ve already been trained in our system and software. Let’s go for it. Besides, we really need to show some serious revenue generation for the year-end report to the stockholders. Hillary had not actually finalized a number. She figured she could see what the others proposed and then argue for a significant premium over that. She had the CFO’s backing so she could keep pushing for more. From the parking lot, Brian James, the district sales manager, headed for the rear entrance. He, too, was thinking about the upcoming meeting and anticipating a long morning. I wish marketing would realize that when they come up with some grandiose number for a new product, sales takes the hit in the field. It’s a killer to have to explain to customers that they have to pay big bucks for something that’s essentially built in. It’s gonna be even tougher to justify on this upgrade. At least with the QTX, we have something the buyer can see. It’s hardware. With the upgrade, there isn’t even a physical product. We’re just giving customers a code to access the capability that’s already built into the machine. Telling customers that they have to pay several thousand dollars never makes you popular. If you think about it, that’s a lot of money for an access code, but you won’t hear me say that out loud. Maybe I can get them to agree to something reasonable this time. I spent the weekend working this one out, and I think my logic is pretty solid. Price Proposals Once everyone was settled in the conference room, Rob spoke first: I know we have to come up with prices for both the 10-seat and 20-seat upgrades, but to keep things manageable, let’s discuss the 20-seat price first. Once that number is set, the 10-seat price should be simple. Because the margin on the 30-seat unit is the highest in the line, I think we should use that as the basis to the price for the upgrade. He went to a whiteboard to show an example: If a customer is upgrading from a 10-seat unit to a 30-seat unit, they are adding two steps of capacity costing $200 each to us, or $400. $400 /1-0. 90 _ $4,000 to the reseller, and $8,000 to the end user. We keep the margin structure in place at the highest point in the line. The customer gets additional capacity, and we keep our margins consistent. He sat down feeling pleased. He had fired the first shot, had been consistent with the existing margin structure, and had rounded up the highest margin point in the line. Brian looked at Rob’s calculations and commented: I think that’s going to be hard for the customer to see without us giving away information about our margins, and we don’t want to do that, since they are pretty aggressive to begin with. However, I think I have solved this one for us. I’ve finally come up with a simple, fair solution to pricing the upgrade that works for us and the customers. He walked over to a whiteboard and grabbed a marker: If we assume an existing 10-seat customer has decided to upgrade to 30-seat capability, we should charge that customer the difference between what the buyer has already paid and the price of the new capacity. So . . . New 30-seat unit $17,250 Original 10-seat unit $8,000 Price for 20-seat upgrade $9,250 It’s consistent with our current pricing for the QTX. It’s fair to the customer. It’s easy for the customer to understand and it still makes wads of money for us. It also is easy for the customer to see that we’re being good to them. If they bought a 20-seat box in addition to the 10-seat box they already have, it would be costing them more. He wrote: New 20-seat unit $14,000 A new unit provides customers with redundancy by having two boxes, which they might want in the event of product failure, but the cost is pretty stiff. Upgrading becomes the logical and affordable option. Hillary looked at the numbers and knew just what she was going to do. That all looks very logical, but I don’t see that either of you has the company’s best interests at heart. Brian, you just want a simple sale that your sales people and the customers will buy into, and Rob, you are charging even less than Brian. We need to consider the revenue issue as well. These people have already bought from us; are trained on our hardware and software and don’t want to have to repeat the process with someone else. It would take too long. They’ve got no desire to make a change and that means we’ve got them. The sky is really the limit on how much we can charge them because they have no real alternative. We should take this opportunity to really go for the gold, say $15,000 or even $20,000. We can and should be as aggressive as possible. All three continued to argue the relative merits of their pricing positions, without notable success. Jefferies listened to each of them and after they finished, he turned to a clean whiteboard and took the marker. I’ve done some more thinking on this. In order to meet the needs of all three departments, there are three very important points that the price structure for these upgrades must accomplish: 1. The pricing for the upgrades shouldn’t undercut the existing pricing for the 30-seat QTX. 2. We want to motivate our buyers to purchase the maximum number of seats at the initial purchase. A dollar now is better than a potential dollar later. We never know for sure that they will make that second purchase. If we don’t do this right, we’re going to encourage customers to reduce their initial purchase. They’ll figure they can add capacity whenever, so why buy it if they don’t need it. That would kill upfront sales of the QTX. 3. We don’t want to leave any revenue on the table when buyers decide to buy more capacity. They are already committed to us and our technology and we should capitalize on that, without totally ripping them off. Therefore, while Hillary says â€Å"the sky’s the limit,† I think there is a limit and we need to determine what it is and how close we can come to it. If we assume that those are the objectives, none of the prices you’ve put together thus far answers all three of those criteria. Some come close, but each one fails. See if you can put your heads together and come to a consensus price that satisfies all three objectives. OK? Heads nodded and with that, Jefferies left the conference room. The three remaining occupants looked at one another. Brian got up to wipe the previous numbers off the whiteboards and said: OK, one more time. If our numbers don’t work, why not and what is the right price for the 20-seat upgrade? How to cite Clearwater Technologies, Essay examples

More And More, Our Project Was Beginning To Resemble A Real Life Busin

More and more, our project was beginning to resemble a real life business situation. And how did we plan to handle this crisis? We called an emergency group meeting. Members of our group trekked across campus through the wind and cold to a Community House lounge, and although a lighter would have been nice, and a bottle of sedatives might have calmed our nerves, we sat down together to try and salvage our entire project. So what did we do at this meeting? First of all, we had to decide on a Rational Process by which we could go about handling this dilemma. What issues did we need to deal with, and in what order did we need to deal with them so that we would arrive at a rational decision? Yes, we needed to secure a venue for our presentation, but both the fundraising and the entertainment committees were running into major problems of their own. Should we address these issues also? Our answer was ?NO", instead we decided to funnel all of our energy to the venue problem. After all, fundraising and entertainment would be of no consequence if we did not have anywhere to put on the presentation. The second thing that we did was develop alternative courses of action. What were the best outcomes that we could reasonably hope for? What were the minimum outcomes that we wanted to achieve? And how could we go about achieving these outcomes? Obviously, we felt obligated to at least put on a presentation of some sort; however, if the public schools were on strike, we decided that we would look to private schools, parochial schools, or perhaps a local YMCA. If worse came to worse, we could always put on an evening presentation preceded by a heavy dose of marketing. The next thing that we needed to do was Identify both the obstacles and the adverse consequences of each course of action. What would stand in the way of each option? What would the positive and negative sides be of each alternative? The first thing we did was look back at our vision statement. It says that "We envision a community of young adults that makes informed lifestyle choices in today's high risk world." This clearly showed us that our goal was to reach out to a high- risk audience. If we were to put on a presentation for a group of upper middle class white kids at a private school, many of us felt that we would be failing to reach our targeted high-risk audience. If we were to put on a presentation at a YMCA or at night, attendance would likely be low. However, if we did not seriously pursue these options with the threat of a prolonged strike looming above our heads, we were running the risk of not putting on a presentation at all. After weighing our options, it was at last time for us to DECIDE. With our projected presentation date less then 3 weeks away, and with the terms and length of the strike still pending, we decided to put off the private school/YMCA option for at a maximum of 2 or 3 more days in order to see if the strike would last

Piaget Vygotsky essays

Piaget Vygotsky essays Piaget and Vygotsky Theories of Cognitive Development Everyday life is characterized by conscious purpose. From reaching for food to designing an experiment, our actions are directed at goals. This purpose reveals itself partly in our conscious awareness and partly in the organization of our thoughts and actions. Cognition is the process involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory and problem solving. Much past and present theory has emphasized the parallels between the articulated prepositional structure of language and the structure of an internal code or language of thought. In this paper I will discuss language and cognition and two famous theorist who were both influential in forming a more scientific approach to analyzing the process of cognitive development. There are those that say that Jean Piaget was the first to take childrens thinking seriously. Although Piaget never thought of himself as a child psychologist his real interest was epistemology, the theory of knowledge, which, like physics, was considered a branch of philosophy until Piaget came along and made it a science (2000). Children and their reasoning process fascinated Piaget. He began to suspect that observing how the childs mind develops might discover the key to human knowledge. Piagets insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. Jean Piaget has made major theoretical and practical contributions to our understanding of the origins and evolution of knowledge. In his work Piaget identified stages of mental growth. He theorized that all children progressed through stages of cognitive development. He discovered that children think and reason differently at different periods in their lives. Piaget believed that everyone passed through a sequence of four qualitatively distinct stages. They are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. In t...

The 9 Best Film Schools in the US

The 9 Best Film Schools in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In the past few years, applying to film school has gotten extremely competitive: top schools likeUSC’s School of Cinematic Arts now boast lower admission rates than the Ivies. Simultaneously,the number of film programs has grown- rising from about 300 in 2006 to almost 400 in 2010. With so many programs available and so much competition for the top spots, where should you apply? In order to help you find the right school for you, I’ve compiled a list of the best film schools in the US, based on my experience as a film student and actress in LA. How Is "Film School" Defined for This List? I’m categorizing film school as a school where film is a priority.These schools are either conservatories or have specialized film schools within a larger university. As a graduate of USC’s film school, I know from experience that going to film school has many advantages.You’ll be surrounded by students and teachers who will inspire you, help you with your projects, and will likely be your future colleagues.Furthermore, you’ll be at a college that doesn’t view your passion as simply an extracurricular. All that being said, you can get a film degree from other universities.However, this list is for students who are 100% sure they want to study film and are looking to be surrounded by like-minded students. The Evaluation Criteria for the Best Film Schools You should never look at rankings as fact- not even those from trusted industry sources like The Hollywood Reporter.Instead, you should use these articles as a jumping off point for your own college research.Also, whenever looking at a ranking list, you should find out how the rankings were determined. Right now, I’ll explain how I came up with this very unscientific list of top film schools.I began by restricting my search to colleges that prioritize film by only offering arts degrees or by having a specialized film school within the larger institution. Then, I took the following three criteria into consideration: #1: Ranking. I used ranking lists from respected industry papers such as The Hollywood Reporter as a starting point for my research. #2: On and Off-Campus Extracurricular Opportunities. Success in the entertainment industry depends a lot on who you know. In order to get to know more people (beyond your classmates and teachers), you need to have the opportunity to intern with production companies, studios, agencies, management companies, post-houses, casting offices, etc. Also, it’s important to have opportunities to make films and showcase your work in order to get your name out there and to get feedback. Does the school provide opportunities to make and screen student films? #3: Notable Alumni. How many alumni have risen to the top of their field? If a lot have, it means the school likely provided them with the resources (aka connections) and/or skills needed to succeed. I split this list into two tiers rather than ranking each school, since specific rankings are typically not that meaningful. What separates the Tier 1 schools is that they have the best reputation, provide the most extracurricular opportunities and have the longest lists of notable alumni.While the Tier 2 schools are also good, they don’t have the same industry connections and don’t have as many notable alumni as the Tier 1 schools. Consider attending a school in the heart of Hollywood! Tier 1 Film Schools Tier 1 includes the very best film schools in the US - these are extremely prestigious programs with many successful alums. University of Southern California’s School of Cinematic Arts I may be biased as an alum, but you’d be hard-pressed to find any ranking list that didn’t have USC near the top.The USC School of Cinematic Arts has more connections in the entertainment industry than all of the other schools combined (and a Hollywood Walk of Fame star in front of the school to prove it). USC's Los Angeles location helps make it a top film school. You're not just given internship opportunities: you also have opportunities to go to industry events (with students occasionally being offered free tickets to Hollywood premieres) and more potential to network with industry professionals. The School of Cinematic Arts is extremely selective, with only about 3% of applicants being admitted. There are separate undergraduate programs for animation, screenwriting, critical studies, media arts, interactive media, and film production. USC is arguably one of the more "practical" schools I'll discuss because it tries to prepare students for the changing medium (as it expands beyond typical movies to web series and virtual reality) by allowing students to take classeson new media. The list of notable alumni is incredibly long (George Lucas, Judd Apatow, Paul Feig, and many more), but even more impressive is thatbasically every Hollywood office I interned at employed at least one USC alum. The school provides access to great off-campus internships throughout the school year and summer at places such as NBCUniversal, Lionsgate, and Pixar.Additionally, there are many opportunities to screen your work. These opportunities include the prestigious USC First Look Film Festival, which is attended by many industry professionals. NYU Tisch I don’t know if NYU Tisch students heard this adage as well, but the saying in film circles goes, â€Å"If you want to make a living, go to USC; if you want to make art, go to NYU.† It has to do with Tisch's location: while L.A. is the center of commercial film and television, New York has become the center of independent filmmaking. Tisch's undergraduate program only offers three degrees: Film Television, Cinema Studies, and Dramatic Writing.NYUfocuseson churning out true auteurs who have strong visual storytelling skills, preparing themfor success in the independent filmmaking world. While NYU does have some famous alumni working in Hollywood such as Martin Scorsese and Spike Lee, it has a longer list of alumni working in the independent scene: Alfonso Gomez-Rejon (Me and Earl and the Dying Girl), Joel Coen (Fargo), documentarian Morgan Spurlock (Super Size Me), and experimental filmmaker George Von Steiner. Due to its New York location, NYU provides students with the opportunity to intern year-round at places such as Fox Searchlight, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and Late Show With Stephen Colbert.Also, the school provides tons of opportunities to screen your work, including at the Manoogian Screenings (held at the Directors Guild Theater in Los Angeles). New York is another great place to be for film! AFI AFI is always near the top of any film school ranking list. A true film conservatory without the traditional college experience and general education requirements, AFI offers certificates to those without undergraduate degrees and MFAs to college grads. The programs at AFI are extremely specialized (more so than any other school on this list), allowing students to graduate with unique degrees in Directing, Cinematography, Editing, Producing, Production Design, and Screenwriting. AFI boasts an impressive list of alumni including Darren Aronofsky, David Lynch, and Terrence Malick.Its LA locale allows students to intern throughout the year.That being said, as a conservatory, AFI prioritizes helping students make films rather than helping them get internship opportunities.However, making and screening films is equally important to interning. By making and screening films,students can see how audiences respond to their work and get better at their craft. AFI students make TONS of films. For example, in the first year alone, Directing, Producing and Cinematography students have the opportunity to make three narrative projects. Editing students work on up to six projects, Production Design students work on up to four, and Screenwriting students write at least one of short film and start working on a feature screenplay.There are prestigious screening opportunities such as at the famous AFI Film Festival. Some schools still use old school cameras! Tier 2 Schools Tier 2 schools also offer topfilm programs, but they don’t have as many industry connections or as many notable alumni as the Tier 1 schools. UCLA As an alum of their rival school, it pains me to include them on this list, but UCLA’s film school is top notch andvery competitive, with only about 30 students admitted each year. UCLA is less specialized than the other schools on this list, only offering undergraduates a generalized Film, Television, and Digital Media degree.Students do pick concentrations within the degree, but not until spring of their junior year; concentrations include Film Production, Documentary, Screenwriting, Animation, Digital Media, or Cinema Media Studies. Just a few of UCLA's famous alumni include Francis Ford Coppola, Alexander Payne, and Rob Reiner.UCLA offers juniors and seniors the opportunity to intern year-round. Past students have interned at places such as NBCUniversal and Bad Robot. Chapman University Chapman’s film schoolgives studentsthe opportunity to specialize at the undergraduate level with unique degrees in Film Production, Digital Arts, Creative Producing, Television Writing, Screenwriting, New/Broadcast Journalism and Documentary.This makes Chapman a great option for high school students who know what niche of the film industry they would like to partake in before entering college. The school boasts a handful of notable alumni such as The Amazing Race producer Darren Bunkley, Masters of Sex editor Rebekah Parmer, and Dear White People director Justin Simien. Unlike other schools on this list, Chapman has its own production company, Chapman Filmed Entertainment, which gives students experience in making, marketing and distributing films. This is an incredible opportunity that most students don't get while in school; it allows them to learn the ins and outs of fundraising, marketing, and distribution in addition to production. Chapman offers some screening and internship opportunities though not as many as other schools.Its location in Orange County, about a 45-minute to two-hour drive to LA depending on traffic, makes it difficult to intern during the school year. Loyola Marymount University (LMU) LMU’s School of Film and Televisionallows students to get specialized degrees in Production, Animation, Screenwriting, Film Studies, or Recording Arts.It’s one of a handful of schools with the Recording Arts degree, making it a perfect choice for students who know they want to pursue careers as sound editors, sound mixers, or sound designers. It has some well-known alumni such as James Bond franchise producer Barbara Broccoli, The Simpsons producer David Mirkin, American Horror Story writer/producer James Wong, and Hunger Games director Francis Lawrence. LMUrecognizes the importance of internships and partners with big companies including Disney, Sony, NBCUniversal and Paramount to provide internships to about 100 LMU students each year. Most film schools provide you with top of the line equipment. Boston University Boston University’s Film Television Departmentonly offers more general Film TV or Cinema Media Studies degrees at the undergraduate level. However, BU provides students with a well-rounded degree offering courses inproduction (directing, editing, cinematography, sound design, short film production), film and television screenwriting, producing, management, and film studies. For students who are unsure about film school, BU is a great option because you don't officially declare your major until spring of your sophomore year, so you can test out film and pick another major if you don't like it. BU has a handful of famous alumni including Joe Roth, Howard Stern, and Nina Tassler.Recognizing its sub-optimal location andhow crucial LA connections are to future success, BU openedan LA campus that over 200 students visit each year.While in LA, BU students partake in internships at companies such as The Jim Henson Company. California Institute of the Arts CalArts is a conservatory that was founded in 1961 by Walt Disney and is well-known for producing A-list animators like John Lasseter. In addition to two animation degrees (Charaction Animation and Experimental Animation), however, CalArts also offers a Film and Video degree. Since CalArts is primarily lauded for its animation programs, the majority of its famous alumni (with the exception of Tim Burton) are animators:Frozen co-director Chris Buck, Big Hero 6 director Don Hall, and Inside Out director Pete Docter. The school's location about 45 minutes outside of LA makes it difficult to intern during the school year. However, CalArts does do its best to help students get credit for internships during the school year and summer. Emerson College Emerson has also recognized the importance of LA connections for students, opening a campus in Hollywood and hosting an annual Los Angeles-based film festival.Emerson is the only school in the country to offer a comedy arts degree, making it a great choice for students who want to work exclusively in comedy filmmaking. The school boasts some well-known alumni such as New Regency's Pam Abdy, DreamWorks' Holly Bario, Sony's Andrea Giannetti, Viacom's Doug Herzog.The school provides students with excellent screening opportunities such as at the Los Angeles Emerson Film Festival. Which of These TopFilm Schools Is the Best Choice for You? Just because, say, AFI is a highly reputable film school doesn't mean that you should automatically want to go there. It’s a tiny school with a very intense program, which may not be the best fit for all students. Here are some questions to ask when trying to pick which film school is right for you. Which Area Do You Want to Specialize In? So you’re interested in film - do you want to do animation or screenwriting? Directing or production design? Look into the programs and see what specialties are offered.For example, CalArts would be a better choice than AFI if you want to do animation since AFI doesn’t even offer an animation specialty. At this point, you might not know what you want to specialize in, and that’s okay.I had no idea which aspect of film I loved the most when I applied to film school.If you’re in this boat, you should apply to a program with a more generalized film production program (such as USC, UCLA, Emerson, BU, LMU, and NYU) that’ll allow you to experiment with different roles on set.You wouldn’t want to be accepted as aScreenwritingstudent at AFI, only to then realize you actually want to be a cinematographer. What Opportunities Are There Outside the Classroom? I touched on this above, but make sure you go to a school where the opportunities fit your interests.If you want to work as an agent, then USC, which provides internship experiences at agencies, would be a better fit than AFI.Extracurriculars are where you get your experience, so make sure you’ll be getting experience that aligns with your interests. What’s the School Like? Is it big or small? Is it a conservatory or is it at a large college?If you dread the idea of a big school, don’t go to a big school.If you’d dread being surrounded by a sea of students and going to USC football games, then you probably shouldn’t attend USC. If you get overwhelmed by intensity, then a conservatory like AFI may be a bad choice.AFI is famous for its "narrative workshops," during which students are required to sit silently as their peers harshly critique their projects.It’s scary, and has led to many students dropping out and fleeing to law school. Pick a school where you will feel comfortable and at home so that you can thrive. If this is the end goal,then film school is where you should go! What’s Next? Excited to attend one of the best film schools? Read our article on how to get into film school for tips on your application. Most of these schools require an ACT or SAT score with your application. Get help studying for these tests with our ultimate SAT study guide and study guides for ACT Reading, Writing, English, Math, and Science. Taking the ACT or SAT really soon? Check out our guide to cramming for the SATor our guide to cramming for the ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Walmart Foreign Expansion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walmart Foreign Expansion - Case Study Example Walmart gradually changed the Mexican merchandising culture to American as it expanded its operations in this country. It customized its products and it lowered their prices which resulted in Mexicans changing their shopping habits as they begat to visit large retail shops. This attributed to Walmart’s success in Mexico. 2. In order to succeed in China, Walmart should adapt to the Chinese culture so that it can mesh it with its merchandising strategy. For instance, Walmart has discovered that the Chinese prefer that fresh food be harvested in front of them and this is the exact strategy that it has adopted. Walmart has also discovered that in China, success requires it to embrace unions and it has adopted this strategy which is in stark contrast to America where unionization is opposed. This has positively contributed to the company making inroads in China. 3. It is quite challenging for a company such as Walmart to change the culture of the nation where it is doing business. Consumers in different nations have their own culture which may not be easily changed. However, in order to be successful in such nations, it is imperative for the company to adopt the local people’s culture and try to mesh it with its strategy. This is likely to appeal to the interests of the customers rather than fully changing their culture which they will

Diversification of Portfolios in the Global Financial Market Essay

Diversification of Portfolios in the Global Financial Market - Essay Example The problem of domestic surplus also has its solution in the global market. With a greater number of buyers, investors will be able to sell what no one in their country will be willing to buy. Simply put, with more buyers and sellers now more interlinked with each other, globalization has given the financial market a global scope. With a greater scope arise complexities and more risks and seemingly ironic instances. As countries have become more interlinked, they begin to share similar reactions to economic shocks. While similar reactions may make it easier for market analysts to determine how the world will react to different economic shocks, the presence of varying political and economic systems in the global financial market make external and internal economic forces more unpredictable. Greater unpredictability simply means greater risks. Again, the simple solution to this risk is the placing of eggs into different baskets. One could argue that it is pointless to diversify portfol ios in a financial market where countries almost always react in similar ways. However, as Bordo (2000) explains, emerging markets are more susceptible to fluctuations, â€Å"bust and booms† he calls them, as the result of â€Å"open capital markets.† This implies that while one emerging economy may offer huge returns in a couple of days or weeks, investors still need to diversify their investments because it is difficult to determine how emerging economies will do in the longer runs. The disadvantages of portfolio diversification.

Archaeology And Patterns Of Trade Iron Age Europe History Essay

Archaeology And Patterns Of Trade Iron Age Europe History Essay In the Iron Age most European communities would have been linked together to some degree and this can be seen as a continuation of contact established during the Bronze Age (Piggott 1965: 174). Peaceful trade between these communities, for goods that were either a basic necessity or possibly just desirable, would happen for a number of reasons, none of them mutually exclusive, such as exploitation, cross-cultural interchange or mutually beneficial exchange (Woolf 1993: 211). When considering what archaeology can tell us about this trade, according to Collis (1984: 15),there is a common assumption that it divides into the three spatial patterns of long distance, inter-regional and local trade However, this differentiation may only be a modern construct that would not have been recognised by Iron Age communities (Wells 2008: 356-8). This essay will use some of the material culture available from burials, hoards and settlements to examine each pattern in turn looking at the objects trad ed, how trade was organised, why and who was involved in an attempt to assess whether or not the archaeological evidence supports this largely economic model. Before any assessment can be undertaken it is important to define the terms Trade and Iron Age as they are used in this essay. Trade is used here to describe any transaction intended to acquire goods not available in the local environment, which are either required for basic physical needs or are desirable, through purchase, barter or exchange for other goods (Wells 2008: 357). The process of goods or gift exchange was also in operation at this time and this term is used to describe the distribution of goods as a social interaction between communities aimed at increasing wealth, prestige or status (Wells 2008: 356-7). From the available evidence it is not always possible to tell the difference between these two systems and in fact Iron Age communities may not have differentiated so the two interactions can be interpreted as forming a continuum with traded goods being passed out from centres of trade to the rural periphery via exchange (Wells 2008: 358). The Iron Age was widespread across Central Europe by the 7th century BC and lasted until the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC. Traditionally It is divided into two phases, the Early Iron Age from 750-450BC, which is also termed Hallstatt after the type site in Austria, and the Late Iron Age from 450-50BC also known as La Tene from the type site in Switzerland (Darvill 2008: 215). This essay will use Early or Late Iron Age when referring to time periods, Hallstatt or La Tene when referring to artefact styles. Long distance trade is the easiest to detect in the archaeological record through the identification of foreign or exotic goods (Collis 1984: 15-16). In the Early Iron Age trade was stimulated by the metal using state societies of the Mediterranean , principally Greece and Etruria , as they sought sources of the basic raw materials like tin, copper, iron and salt to fuel their growing economies (Collis 1984: 15). Apart from Baltic amber and Mediterranean coral Europe had a plentiful supply of these basic raw materials locally available so the main import was in manufactured goods like the Attic pottery, Greek amphorae and Etruscan bronze vessels found at the Vix grave on Mont Lassois in France and the Heuneburg in Germany. These demonstrate trade as opposed to a social bond but are also indicative of links between the elites of Western Europe and the Mediterranean for the supply of feasting equipment and wine (Wells 1995: 231). The presence of elaborate graves with rich assemblages o f local products found in context with imported objects such as those found at Durrnberg in Austria which contained glass vessels from Italy, sword handles from Africa and vessels from Slovenia or grave 6 at Hohmichele on the Heuneburg , which contained silk textile from the far east, are indicative of long distance trade in prestige or luxury goods rather than social interaction (Wells 2008: 363). Colonies, such as Marseille founded by the Phocaeans in 600BC, were established by the Mediterranean societies to open up new trading markets (Milisauskas 1978: 270) as can be evidenced by the trade in wine and luxury items up the Rhone valley to central Europe (Greene 1990: 116), although not all Mediterranean drinking gear found in central Europe came via this route. Items such as the beaker flagons found in the Vix grave may have come via alpine routes from the Etruscan controlled Po valley (Cunliffe 1999: 62). Correspondingly the Early Iron Age saw the rise of European towns like the Heuneburg and Mont Lassois, with large populations and high levels of production and trade, which acted as core centres in local areas importing foodstuffs and raw materials from rural periphery for inter-regional exchange and distributing finished goods locally (Wells 1980: 46-47). In the Late Iron Age these towns were replaced by oppida like Manching in Bavaria and Bibracte in France which fulfille d a similar role. These oppida were also used as ports of trade and may have been established to attract and increase trade rather than to restrict or control it (Woolf 1993: 211). Following the foundation of the colonies feasting and drinking artefacts from Greek and Etruscan workshops appear in graves of the European aristocracy indicating the presence of well established trading links between central Europe and the Mediterranean (Cunliffe 2010: 462). It could therefore be assumed that that this elite aristocracy were in control of trade however there is evidence at the Heuneburg and Narbo for the presence of a merchant class who bring wine and other Mediterranean goods to the native markets and exchange them for raw materials, slaves and, as their population grew, foodstuffs (Nash 1984: 92-94). This trend continues into the Late Iron Age, when following a hiatus after Greece turns eastwards for trade in the 5th Century BC, contact with the Mediterranean is renewed in 2nd century BC, and there is evidence from Magdalensberg near Salzburg for trade being in the hands of Italian merchants with no evidence for native traders (Collis 2002: 31). Not all long distance trade was in luxury or prestige goods. The potential for interchange of rituals, ideas, technologies or even specialists should not be ignored nor should the smaller, domestic or lifestyle products like brooches and pins. It may be that the European elite in the towns and oppida acted as a core for the redistribution of these commodities in their local area or inter-regionally as the distribution of artefacts made from a variety of raw materials and involving the use of many technologies can be taken as indicating a defined social hierarchy within a settled society (Phillips 1980: 266). Inter-regional trade, or rather at this level exchange, can be described as the movement of goods between communities that share cultural similarities (Collis 1984: 15-16). For example, in the Late Iron Age objects found in graves from France, Austria and Bohemia and ornamented in the La Tene style would seem to indicate a social link between regional elites who express their cultural similarity and identity through material culture (Wells 2008: 363). The objects exchanged may be similar in form to those produced in the local environment and this exchange is traditionally seen as a social rather than economic event. To this end there is no merchant class involved in the transaction as it is based on family and kin relationships (Collis 1984: 15-16). Occurring more in the Early rather than the Late Iron Age it is characterized by gift exchange between the powerful members of peer societies possibly representing not only trade but also tribute, ransom, dowry payments or even wedding gi fts (Wells 1995: 239). This may also represent the practice of reciprocity whereby goods were given as a social interaction between elite members of society, not in the expectation of immediate exchange, but rather as a long term investment whereby reciprocation was made by the provision of services, labour, goods or even trading treaties (Nash 1984: 93-4). Stretching Europe slightly to include south-west Britain will allow the trade between Alet in France and Hengistbury Head to be used as a case study. The discovery of an iron anchor and chain dating from the 1st century BC at Bulbury in Dorset can be interpreted as providing evidence for maritime trade between continental Europe and Britain (Cunliffe 2010: 480). Hengistbury Head was a designated port of trade used by the local elite to control the flow of goods both into and out of Britain whilst utilizing the foreign trade relationship to increase their advantage over their regional periphery (Nash 1984: 93). Goods such as iron from the Hengistbury area, non-ferrous metals from the Mendips and Kimmeridge shale were exchanged with Alet, via a short haul sea crossing to the Channel Islands and thence to the port of Reginca, for Mediterranean pottery, prestige finished goods and wine (Languet 1984: 73). This is evidenced by the presence of Dressel 1A amphorae, glass and fine ware potte ry from Northern Italy at Hengistbury Head and changes in the local manufacture of ceramics, bronze and iron artefacts that are indicative of inter-regional exchange of ideas and technologies (Cunliffe 1984: 8). Although this short range, cross-channel contact was probably based on a recurring requirement between the respective core communities it could also be interpreted as a core-periphery pattern of trade whereby Continental Europe is the core supplying finished goods and south-west Britain is the periphery providing raw materials in exchange (Nash 1984: 92). There is evidence from the vast amounts of Armorican pottery at Hengistbury Head that the Armoricans themselves may have lived there, at least for part of the year, and acted as continental agents liaising with the local communities for the exchange of goods (Cunliffe 2010: 479). The hoard from Llyn Fawr in Wales could provide evidence of this interaction as it contains Hallstatt C type artefacts ,such as iron swords and br onze discs for harness ornamentation, that are similar to types found in Belgium and southern Germany and could have been shipped via Alet to Hengistbury Head before being exchanged locally (Cunliffe 2010: 456). Thus a case can be made for regarding Hengistbury Head as the core for its immediate environment with the local rural communities as the periphery. Local trade is probably the least studied of all the patterns of trade as there is a traditional assumption that the mechanisms used are already well understood (Collis 1984: 15). The interaction between local communities was possibly based on reciprocity with the exchange of finished goods for services, labour or raw materials. The oppida of the late Iron Age, like Manching and Bibracte, and the towns of the Early Iron Age, like Mont Lassois and the Heuneburg, were not just trading centres but were also manufacturing and production sites creating their own finished goods which is evidenced by graves containing bronze objects, pottery and glass beads that reflect local patterns of trade. These manufactured goods may have formed part of a core-periphery trade with smaller local communities for food and forestry products (Wells 1995: 236). Increases in rural production, which created a local self sufficiency and provided a greater surplus for trade, engendered the conditions that allow ed for a large scale social organisation with elaborate hierarchies. The emergent elite in these hierarchies were able to engage in local trade for a wide range of goods which could also be used to foster a regular contact with other regional elites for exchange of commodities, technologies and ideas (James and Rigby 1997: 76-7). Although they are classified as elites it is possible that individuals acted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for trade and the rich burials in which we find lavish prestige and luxury goods, such as the Etruscan beaked flagons found in the middle Rhine area of Europe and dated to the Late Iron Age (Cunliffe 1999: 63), indicate wealth but maybe not elite status (Collis 1984: 16). After all not all trade was in luxury or prestige goods and the presence of non-elite objects like decorative pins and brooches, such as the bronze fibulae found in the female grave at Vix (Wells 2008: 364), in a local area can be taken as representative of local trade o r exchange networks. These socio-economic systems also saw elite leaders give gifts of lesser value to those lower down the hierarchy in order to retain status and power (Cunliffe 2999: 61). The spread of items like the long slashing Grundelingen swords can be explained by simple local exchange mechanisms providing examples that are then copied (Cunliffe 2010: 449) and at Alb-Salem in WÃÆ' ¼rttemberg there have been found ceramics of a particular size and decoration distributed across an area that could be walked in a day (Wells 2008: 361). In the late Iron Age coin evidence appears to indicate that specialist workers, who mass produce goods and administer their own commercial aspects of trade, replace control by elites, initially in their local area but eventually along the whole commodity supply chain (Wells 1995: 240-1). This is further evidenced by the appearance of mass produced Roman wares in graves where they replace unique foreign imports and is paralleled by a diminution in the role played by elites and social networks as they are superseded by professional merchants in a globalised economic market (Wells 1995: 240-2). The available archaeological evidence is open to ambiguous interpretation however this essay has argued that it would seem to support the spatial model of long distance, inter-regional and local patterns of trade even though this is a modern economic construct. These patterns should not be seen as being mutually exclusive but rather as strands in a complex system of exchange mechanisms that reflect social interaction between communities, that have a symbolic as well as an economic dimension whilst moving commodities, as well as ideas and technologies, bi-directionally around Europe and the Mediterranean (Renfrew 1993: 214). It should also be borne in mind that intangibles such as slaves, foodstuffs, hides and hunting dogs will leave no trace in the archaeological record even though they were subject to the same trade and exchange systems (Cunliffe 1984: 4). However, without the benefit of written sources to enhance our understanding, what the evidence cannot prove is how the Iron Age communities themselves regarded trade. It is a possibility that they did not differentiate by region or distance but instead regarded all trade as local and based on simple exchange systems no matter what the commodity or how far it had travelled (Wells 2008: 358). As the Iron Age came to a close, with low value coinage being adopted and Rome becoming predominant in Europe and the Mediterranean, there was a move to a globalised, impersonal, commodity market that removed the need for a differentiation in trading patterns. The emergence of standardised weights, measures and prices rendered redundant the requirement for barter and exchange systems with a professional Italian merchant class controlling trade and replacing local elites who were subsumed into the Roman provincial government process (Collis 2002: 30).

History: the ancient world Essay

The region occupied by the ancient Aztec and Maya, now commonly referred to as Mesoamerica, is an area encompassing Southern and eastern Mexico, all of Guatemala, Belize an El Salvador, western and southern Honduras and the Pacific side of central America as far as the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica. On the other hand, Egypt is located at the Northern part of Africa, along the Mediterranean ocean. Despite the distance between the geographical location of the two, history shows several similarities in their cultures. Ancient Mesoamerican people and the Egyptians shared a series of cultural traits; among the most striking of the two calendars of 260 and 365 days that perpetuate in a great cycle approximating fifty two years, language similarities, similar methods of construction, specifically the pyramids. There are also other similarities in their ways of life such as trading and farming among many others. Although the people inhibiting the Mesoamerica area were of many distinct cultures, often speaking mutually unintelligible languages, none the less, there was widespread contact over millennia through migrating, trade, conquest and pilgrimage. The interest in Egyptian and the Mesoamerican archeology arose in the beginning of the 19th century. It was intertwined with important local and global social political developments. Below is a discussion on some of the areas of similarity in the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican cultures. Similarities in the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican pyramids There is also a similarity in the methods of construction of the pyramids by the two cultures, based on the concept of externally oriented architecture. It is believed that the Egyptian pyramids often had temples placed at the summit of the pyramids, just as houses had been built on top of masonry platforms. For example, in the Puuc style, the stone temple facades resembled the design of the tied twig walls of the Maya house. The tendency of the early stone architecture to imitate reed or wood construction was also seen in the early Egypt. In Zozer’s pyramid complex at Saqqara, stone pillars were carved in the shape of the bundles of papyrus or the palm trees that had been used as supports in the palaces at that time. Many of the features of the Egyptian pyramids are found in the pyramids of Mesoamerica. At Uximal the pyramid complex was enclosed by a wall as were those of Egypt. Chichen Itza was also a walled city of 30 square kilometer with 7 paved roads, or sacheob, several kilometers long connecting important sites. The paved road between Uxmal and Kabah was 18 km long. These roads or sacheob, resemble the Egyptian pyramid causeways, although their geography was different. Differences in the pyramids Differences in the Egyptian and the American pyramids have already been noted, although some of them are more apparent than real. There are the differences as a result of time and function. It is said that the famous Egyptian pyramids were built before the year 2000, and the classic pyramids of Maya pyramids came 300 years after. However, history says that the Kushite revival of pyramids c-700 coincides with the construction of the early Olmec pyramids at La Venta. The pyramids of Egypt were conceived as tombs, playing an important part in the religion of the Egyptians. It has been admitted that the Mesoamerican pyramids were also important in their religion. However, the difference with the Mesoamerican pyramids is that never served as tombs, but were used for another reason. The famous Palenque is proving that at least some pyramids served as tombs in America, but for the important people of the society. There is no doubt that there was a difference in the precise religious function of the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican pyramids, although the exact purpose of the pyramids is contradictory. Also, there have been no claims to identify the composition and the construction methods of the pyramids. Whereas the Americans made extensive use of small stones, cement and stucco, the Egyptians used much larger stones while sparingly using the mortar. Astronomy and the calendar In both the Egyptian and the Mesoamerican complexes, the astronomical orientation played an important role. Both the Mesoamerican and the Egyptian civilizations had developed scientific calendars, as was common to all the agricultural societies. For this reason, they paid close attention to the solar and the lunar cycles. In Mesoamerica, close attention was given to the Venus cycle, which helped shape the calendar. Unlike the classical Greeks, the Maya knew that the morning and the evening stars were the same heavenly body (Venus). The Mesoamericans calculated that an 8-year solar cycle equaled a 5-year Venus cycle. Although the Mesoamericans knew that the solar year was a little over 365 days, they also made extensive use of a 260 day cycle which had no parallel in the Egyptian calendar. The Egyptians, on the other hand, had studied all the visible constellations in developing their star clocks. A different star was chosen every ten days (the Egyptian week) as the new decan star to mark the last hour of the night. The modern time measurement of 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night measurement had its own origin in the ancient Egypt. They had also developed a constant civil calendar of 365 days. However, the Egyptian calendar, with an early development of 4241 was far more ancient than that of Mesoamerica. Language similarity The precise history of the of the ancient languages of the people of Egypt and Mesoamerica remains a mystery even up to today, and the origin of the two cultures is also uncertain. The reason for the demise of the cultures of the people of Maya is uncertain, but the tragic devastation of the Aztec culture is all too well known. Although there is limited evidence, a number of scholars have suspected that these two regions, although from different parts of the world have come into contact between themselves during the ancient times. However, it has been denied that the encounter between these two cultures was a prolonged one. Other scholars have suggested that there could be a possibility that these two cultures never came into contact at all. Despite the contradictions among the scholars, the similarities between these two cultures are major and cannot be ignored. There is an assumption that the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans shared a common language which made it possible to exchange the ideas. The reasoning behind the similarities between the two languages is that there must have been contact between people from the two regions. There are many similarities in the linguistic correspondences between the two languages, which remove the possibility of just a contact between the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans. The possibility of a spontaneous coincidence has also been ruled out, because of the existence of similar sounds and meanings in some words. Application of Mathematics Mathematics was also developed at quite a high level in both cultures. This shows that they were able to make measurements during the construction of the pyramids, and also in other areas that could have required the application of mathematics. Today, it is clear that the Mesoamerican arithmetic is readily adaptable to the operations of multiplication and division as well as the simpler addition and subtraction operation. The difference in the numbering systems of the two cultures was that the Egyptian numbering system was additive, base 10, making extensive use of fractions and did not have a symbol for zero. On the other hand, the Mesoamerican system used base 20, was positional, was the first to invent a symbol for zero but as far as history shows, it did not use fractions. There are no detailed records of the Mesoamerican written materials, due to an order that was given by the Spanish authorities to burn down all Native American books. The Mesoamerican and the Egyptian writings were both rooted in their own separate cultures and iconography. It is not known if the first use of the paper in Mesoamerica received an impulse from Africans who were already familiar with papyrus writing materials. Several plant materials were used by the Maya of Mesoamerica to make â€Å"paper†. The famous maguey cactus and the amatl tree from which â€Å"amate† is made are some of the materials that were used to write on. Materials from the tree were soaked, washed, pounded, cut into small pieces and pounded again, a process that is not so different from that of making the papyri. Farming activities Both the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans relied on agriculture for food. During the early years, the Maya of Mesoamerica started civilizing. They built small radiating canal systems in a low rainfall area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, which is assumed to have been used to irrigate crops. Irrigation was so important, as more than 85% of all the farming in Mesoamerica relied on canal irrigation. In Egypt, farming was common along river Nile. Irrigation was at first done through the over flooding water from the river at the farms along the river. Later on, they adopted the method of fetching water and pouring it directly to the crops, which was later on replaced with the digging of canals to redirect the water to the farms. Trade in Egypt and Mesoamerica Due to the farming activities along the river Nile, the people of Egypt engaged themselves in trading activities amongst themselves. They then upgraded to trading with the people of Mesopotamia, and later on with those from the kingdom of Kush towards the South. There are historians who believe that the Egyptian picture writing, or hieroglyphics, was developed from Sumerian cuneiform as a result of trade contracts with Mesopotamia. In Mesoamerica, long distance trade first developed in Maya. The first of these was a shift in the bulk of east west commerce from the ancient pre classic trade routes along the Pacific coastal plain and the coast of Yucatan to the central-Maya routes through the highlands and, more important, along the rivers across the lowlands. The second development was the emergence of a new Mesoamerican power centre at Teotihuacan, which was able to re-unify the long distance trade network during the early classic period. The trade differences in the two societies could be as a result of the differences in the goods traded by the two societies. Although they all specialized in farming practices, they planted different crops, which they used as trading commodities. Conclusion There are many similarities between the Mesoamericans and the Egyptians. Although it is not clear to any historians how these similarities came to be, the possibility of a mere coincidence in the cultures has been out ruled. This essay has highlighted some of the some of the areas of similarity such as the pyramids, the calendars, farming activities and trade, to prove a relation in the cultures of the Mesoamericans and the Egyptians. However, more research needs to be done to prove how these people from difference continents came to adopt such similar cultures. Future research should also focus on finding out whether there are other ways of life that the two cultures shared. Reference 1) Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert F. Ziegler, â€Å"Traditions and Encounters†, 4th edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN 978-0-07-333062-4

The Case Of The First Waco Horror - 1206 Words

Farming was the way of life for a majority of Texans up until the Great Depression. Life was simple and cyclical—planting, waiting, harvesting, and selling. This cycle, broken only by racial violence, was all Texans knew. However, as Texas grew increasingly connected to the modern world, through technology, a global economy, and an expanding role for the United States Federal government, that simple life began to change, and not necessarily for the better. All three books show this shift and the effect on the life of everyday Texans. In the case of The First Waco Horror, increasing connectivity to the United States and even the world helped to begin to change the view of Lynching and the anti-lynching movement gained†¦show more content†¦Bernstein’s book focuses on how connectivity helped to end lynching, as well as how it increased lynching. The NAACP used the lynching of Jesse Washington to spread awareness of the atrocities committed in the South and the n eed to stop them. As Bernstein points out, the Jesse Washington lynching, â€Å"was just the barest beginning of a battle that would last for many years† (Bernstein 174). News of the Jesse Washington lynching spread around the United States, and even made its way to a British Newspaper (Bernstein 130). The national and international news coverage began the battle to increase public awareness, and would eventually lead the dying out of lynchings done by huge crowds. Lynching, however, is an enigma because increasing connectivity led to more awareness of the issue, but it also increased lynching. As population shifted and the U.S. became more interconnected, for example, during WWI, a rise in the need for Anglos to control their ever-changing environment led to a resurgence of the KKK in the 1920s. Lynching increased as a method of social control and while it was more socially inappropriate, the number of lynchings did not decrease significantly until after WWII. Therefore, in the case of racial violence, increased connectivity was a double-edged sword. Sitton and Utley’s book is a compilation of interviews from small landowners in Texas, whose existence was a combination of subsistence farming and production of

Learning Organizations The American Red Cross - 1464 Words

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